Research and Publications

The Hague Program for Cyber Norms contributes to the international debate on cyber norms through the development of novel academic insights and perspectives on the theme.

Three tales of attribution in cyberspace. Criminal law, international law and policy debates

In this policy brief, Dennis Broeders, Els De Busser and Patryk Pawlak discuss attribution of in cyberspace from three different perspectives: criminal law, international law and policy. Published together with EU Cyber Direct.

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Deterritorializing Cyber Security and Warfare in Palestine: Hackers, Sovereignty, and the National Cyberspace as Normative

Journal article by Fabio Cristiano for CyberOrient.

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Application of International Law to Cyber Operations: A Comparative Analysis of States' Views

In this policy brief, Przemysław Roguski offers a comparative analysis of seven States on how international law applies to cyber operations.

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Mutually Assured Diplomacy: Governance, 'unpeace' and diplomacy in cyberspace

Dennis Broeders wrote an essay for Digital Debates, a publication accompanying the 2019 CyFy conference in India, highlighting three developments that are vital for the development for the international debate about internet governance and cyber diplomacy.

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A coalition of the unwilling? Chinese and Russian perspectives on cyberspace

In this policy brief, Dennis Broeders, Liisi Adamson and Rogier Creemers explore aspects of the relationship between China and Russia in cyberspace.

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The unexpected norm-setters: Intelligence agencies in cyberspace

Journal article by Ilina Georgieva for the journal Contemporary Security Policy.

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Foreign intelligence in the digital age. Navigating a state of 'unpeace'.

In this policy brief, Dennis Broeders, Sergei Boeke and Ilina Georgieva explore the role of intelligence agencies in cyberspace and the (im)possibilities of oversight and regulation of those agencies.

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Let Them Roar: Small States as Cyber Norm Entrepreneurs

Journal article by Liisi Adamson and Zine Homburger for the journal European Foreign Affairs Review.

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Conceptual Ambiguity of International Norms on State Behaviour in Cyberspace

Paper by Zine Homburger in EU Cyber Direct’s Research Focus series.

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The Necessity and Pitfall of Cybersecurity Capacity Building for Norm Development in Cyberspace

Journal article by Zine Homburger for the journal Global Society.

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Restricting Access to Services or Information Systems in Light of Trade in Services Commitments

Journal article by Zine Homburger for the Temple International & Comparative Law Review.

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The Demilitarisation of Cyberspace

Journal article by Sergei Boeke and Dennis Broeders in the journal Survival.

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UNODA Commentary

Voluntary, Non-Binding Norms for Responsible State Behaviour in the Use of Information and Communications Technology: A Commentary.

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Norms Commentary Project UN GGE

In June 2016, Leiden University’s The Hague Program for Cyber Norms, a research platform to investigate the development and implementation of law and policy applicable to uses of ICT, launched a global open consultation on how to implement the UN Group of Governmental Experts’ (UN GGE) recommendations on responsible State behaviour in cyberspace.

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