Cyber norms bibliography
A regularly updated and easily searchable bibliography on cyber norms-related publications.
This bibliography was originally compiled by Liisi Adamson - please send any additions or suggestions to info@thehaguecybernorms.nl
NB: Underlined items link directly to the referred article or book.
Cyber Norms Bibliography PDF Download
Adamson, L. & Homburger Z.
"Let Them Roar: Small States as Cyber Norm Entrepreneurs", European Foreign Affairs Review, 24 (2): 217-234.
Ashton-Hart, N.
"Solving the International Internet Policy Coordination Problem", Global Commission on Internet Governance, Paper Series: No. 12 – May, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Chatham House.
Austin, G.
"International Legal Norms in Cyberspace: Evolution of China’s National Security Motivations", in Osula, A.-M. and Rõigas, H. (eds.), International Cyber Norms: Legal, Policy & Industry Perspectives, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 171-201.
Austin, G., McConnell, B. and Neutze, J.
Banks, W.
"The Bumpy Road to a Meaningful International Law of Cyber Attribution". AJIL Unbound, 113: 191-196.
Bannelier-Christakis, K.
"Due Diligence: a Strategic Norm of Responsible Behaviour for the EU Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox?". Inaugural meeting of the European Cyber Diplomacy Dialogue, EU Cyber Direct, January 2019.
Barton, A.M.
"Norm Origin and Development in Cyberspace: Models of Cybernorm Evolution", Washington University Law Quarterly, 78 (1): 59-111.
Baseley-Walker, B.
"Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Cyberspace: Towards Norms of Behaviour", in Vignard, K., McCrae, R. and Powers, J. (eds.), Disarmament Forum: Confronting Cyberconflict, Geneva: UNIDIR, 2011 (4): 31-40.
Benkler, Y.
"From Consumers to Users: Shifting the Deeper Structures of Regulation Toward Sustainable Commons and User Access", Federal Communications Law Journal, 52 (3): 561-579.
Benson, B.L.
"The Spontaneous Evolution of Cyber Law: Norms, Property Rights, Contracting, Dispute Resolution and Enforcement without the State", Journal of Law, Economics & Policy, 1 (2): 269-348.
Biller, J.T. & Schmitt, M.N.
"Classification of Cyber Capabilities and Operations as Weapons, Means or Methods of Warfare", International Law Studies, 95: 179-225.
Boyko, S.
"UN Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security", International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy, and International Relations, 62 (5).
Broeders, D.
The Public Core of the Internet, An International Agenda for Internet Governance, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Broeders, D., Adamson, L. & Creemers, R.
A coalition of the unwilling? Chinese and Russian perspectives on cyberspace. The Hague Program for Cyber Norms Policy Brief. November 2019.
Broeders, D., Boeke, S. & Georgieva, I.
Foreign intelligence in the digital age. Navigating a state of 'unpeace'. The Hague Program for Cyber Norms Policy Brief. September 2019.
Brown, G. and Poellet, K.
"The Customary International Law of Cyberspace", Strategic Studies Quarterly, 6 (3): 126-145.
Burton, J.
"Cyber Security Norms in the Euro-Atlantic Region: NATO and the EU as Norm Entrepreneurs and Norm Diffusers", in Gruszczak, A. & Frankowski, P. (eds.), Technology, Ethics and the Protocols of Modern War, London: Routledge.
Butler, R.J. and Lachow, I.
"Multilateral Approaches for Improving Global Security in Cyberspace", Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 5-14.
CCDCOE Law Branch Researchers, Kadri Kaska (ed.)
"Trends in International Law for Cyberspace". NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE), May 2019.
Centre for International Governance Innovation and Royal Institute of International Affairs
A Universal Internet in a Bordered World: Research on Fragmentation, Openness and Interoperability (Research Volume One), Global Commission on Internet Governance, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Chatham House.
Chantzos, I. and Alam, S.
"Technological Integrity and the Role of Industry in Emerging Cyber Norms", in Osula, A.-M. and Rõigas, H. (eds.), International Cyber Norms: Legal, Policy & Industry Perspectives, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 203-220.
Charney, S., English, E., Kleiner, A., Malisevic, N., McKay, A., Neutze, J., and Nicholas, P.
From Articulation to Implementation: Enabling Progress on Cybersecurity Norms, Microsoft Corporation.
Chertoff, M. and Rosenzweig, P.
"A Primer on Globally Harmonizing Internet Jurisdiction and Regulations", Global Commission on Internet Governance, Paper Series: No. 10 – March, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Chatham House.
Choucri, N.
"Co-Evolution of Cyberspace and International Relations: New Challenges for the Social Sciences", Prepared for World Social Science Forum (WSSF) 2013 Montreal, Canada, Cambridge, MA: MIT.
Choucri, N. & Agarwal, G.
Clarke, R.A.
Securing Cyberspace Through International Norms: Recommendations for Policymakers and the Private Sector, Washington D.C: Good Harbor Security Risk Management, LLC.
Claussen, K.
"Beyond Norms: Using International Economic Tools to Deter Malicious State-Sponsored Cyber Activities", Temple International & Comparative Law Journal, 32 (2): 113-125. (Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3395176).
Corn, G. & Jensen, E.T.
"The Use of Force and Cyber Countermeasures", Temple International & Comparative Law Journal, 32 (2): 127-133. (Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3190253).
Crandall, M. and Allan, C.
"Small States and Big Ideas: Estonia’s Battle for Cybersecurity Norms", Contemporary Security Policy, 36 (2): 346-368.
Davis, II, J.S., Boudreaux, B., Welburn, J.W., Aguirre, J., Ogletree, C., McGovern, G., & Chase, M.S.
Stateless Attribution: Toward International Accountability in Cyberspace. Research Reports. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Easterbrook, F.H.
"Cyberspace and the Law of the Horse", University of Chicago Legal Forum, Vol. 1996, Article 7.
Eggenschwiler, J.
"International Cybersecurity Norm Development: The Roles of States Post-2017", Research in Focus, EU Cyber Direct.
Egloff, F.J.
"Contested public attributions of cyber incidents and the role of academia". Contemporary Security Policy.
Eldem, T.
"The Governance of Turkey’s Cyberspace: Between Cyber Security and Information Security", International Journal of Public Administration.
Elliott, D.
"Weighing the Case For a Convention to Limit Cyberwarfare", Arms Control Today, 39 (9): 21-27.
Erskine, T. and Carr, M.
"Beyond ‘Quasi-Norms’: The Challenges and Potential of Engaging with Norms in Cyberspace", in Osula, A.-M. and Rõigas, H. (eds.), International Cyber Norms: Legal, Policy & Industry Perspectives, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 87-109.
Finnemore, M.
"Cultivating International Cyber Norms", in Lord, K.M. and Sharp, T (eds.), America’s Cyber Future: Security and Prosperity in the Information Age, Washington D.C.: Center for a New American Security, 87-102.
Finnemore, M.
"Cybersecurity and the Concept of Norms", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 30 November 2017.
Finnemore, M. & Hollis, D.B.
"Beyond Naming and Shaming: Accusations and International Law in Cybersecurity". Temple University Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2019-14. (Available at SSRN: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3347958).
Finnemore, M. and Hollis, D.
"Constructing Norms for Global Cybersecurity", American Journal of International Law, 110 (3): 425-479.
Forsyth, J.W.
"What Great Powers Make It. International Order and the Logic of Cooperation in Cyberspace", Strategic Studies Quarterly, 7 (1): 93-113.
Forsyth, J.W. and Pope, B.E.
"Structural Causes and Cyber Effects: Why International Order is Inevitable in Cyberspace", Strategic Studies Quarterly, 8 (4): 112-128.
Gechlik, M.
"Appropriate Norms of State Behavior in Cyberspace: Governance in China and Opportunities for US Businesses", Hoover Working Group on National Security, Technology, and Law, Aegis Series Paper No. 1706, 28 July 2017.
Geier, K.
"Norms, Confidence and Capacity Building: Putting the UN Recommendations on Information and Communication Technologies in the Context of International Security Into OSCE-Action", European Cybersecurity Journal, 2 (1).
Georgieva, I.
"The unexpected norm-setters: Intelligence agencies in cyberspace". Contemporary Security Policy.
Ghernaouti-Hélie, S.
"We Need a Cyberspace Treaty: Regional and bilateral agreements are not enough", Intermedia, 38 (3): 4-5.
Glennon, M.J.
"The Dark Future of International Cybersecurity Regulation", Journal of National Security Law & Policy, 6 (2): 563-570.
Goldschmidt, C., Dark, M.J. and Chaudhry, H.
"Responsibility for the Harm and Risk of Software Security Flaws", in Dark, M.J. (ed.), Information Assurance and Security Ethics in Complex Systems: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Hershey PA: IGI Global, 104-131.
Goldsmith, J.
"Cybersecurity Treaties: A Skeptical View", in Berkowitz, P. (ed.), Future Challenges in National Security and Law, Hoover Institution Press.
Hampson, F.O. & Sulmeyer, M. (eds.)
Getting beyond Norms: New Approaches to International Cyber Security Challenges, Centre for International Governance Innovation.
Healey, J. and Pitts, H.
"Applying International Environmental Legal Norms to Cyber Statecraft", I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society, 8 (2): 356- 387.
Heintschel von Heinegg, W.
"International Law and International Information Security: A Response to Krutskikh and Streltsov", Tallinn Paper No. 9, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications.
Holland, H.B.
"The Failure of the Rule of Law in Cyberspace?: Reorienting the Normative Debate on Borders and Territorial Sovereignty", The John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law, 24 (1): 1-34.
Hollis, D.
"China and the US Strategic Construction of Cybernorms: The Process is the Product", Hoover Working Group on National Security, Technology, and Law, Aegis Paper Series No. 1704, 7 July 2017.
Homburger, Z.
Homburger, Z.
"Conceptual Ambiguity of International Norms on State Behaviour in Cyberspace", Research in Focus, EU Cyber Direct.
Hughes, R.
"Towards a Global Regime for Cyber Warfare", in Czosseck, C. and Geers, K. (eds.), The Virtual Battlefield: Perspectives on Cyber Warfare, Conference proceedings - Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence (CCD CoE) Conference on Cyber Warfare (June 2009, Tallinn, Estonia).
Hurel, L.M. & Lobato, L.C.
"Unpacking Cyber Norms: Private Companies as Norm Entrepreneurs", Journal of Cyber Policy, 3 (1): 61-76.
Hurwitz, R.
"A New Normal? The Cultivation of Global Norms as Part of a Cybersecurity Strategy" in Yannakogeorgos, P.A. and Lowther, A.B. (eds.), Conflict and Cooperation In Cyberspace, The Challenge to National Security, Taylor & Francis.
Hurwitz, R.
A Call to Cyber Norms: Discussions at the Harvard-MIT-University of Toronto Cyber Norms Workshops, 2011 and 2012, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
Hurwitz, R.
Hurwitz, R.
"The Play of States: Norms and Security in Cyberspace", American Foreign Policy Interests: The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, 36 (5): 322-331.
Information Technology Industry Council
International Security Advisory Board (ISAB)
Ivan, P.
"Responding to cyberattacks: Prospects for the EU Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox". Europe in the World Programme Discussion Paper, European Policy Centre.
Johnson, D.R. and Post, D.
"Law and Borders – the Rise of Law in Cyberspace", First Monday, 1 (1).
Kaljurand, M.
"United Nations Group of Governmental Experts: The Estonian Perspective", in Osula, A.-M. and Rõigas, H. (eds.), International Cyber Norms: Legal, Policy & Industry Perspectives, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 111-127.
Kanuck, S.
"Sovereign Discourse on Cyber Conflict Under International Law", Texas Law Review, 88 (7): 1571-1598.
Kavanagh, C.
"Cyber Dialogue 2012 Briefs: Whither “Rules of the Road” for Cyberspace?", CyberDialogue 2012: What is Stewardship in Cyberspace.
Kerttunen, M.
"Patterns of Behavior: States In, Through, and About Cyberspace", Cyber Policy Institute.
Klimburg, A. and Tirmaa-Klaar, H.
"Cybersecurity and Cyberpower: Concepts, Conditions and Capabilities for Cooperation for Action Within the EU", Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union, Directorate B, Policy Department, European Parliament.
Komov, S., Korotkov, S. and Dylevski, I.
"Military Aspects of Ensuring International Information Security in the Context of Elaborating Universally Acknowledged Principles of International Law", in Vignard, K. (ed.), Disarmament Forum: ICTs and International Security, Geneva: UNIDIR, 2007 (3): 35-44.
Krutskikh, A. and Streltsov, A.A.
"International Law and the Problem of International Information Security", International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy, and International Relations, 60 (6), 64-76.
Krutskikh, A.V.
"[On Legal and Political Foundations of Global Information Security]" (in Russian), Mezhdunarodniye Protsessy, 1 (5), 28–37.
Kurowska, X.
"The politics of cyber norms: Beyond norm construction towards strategic narrative contestation", Research in Focus, EU Cyber Direct.
Lantis, J.S. & Bloomberg, D.J.
"Changing the code? Norm contestation and US antipreneurism in cyberspace", International Relations, 32 (2): 149-172.
Lefebvre, J.
"Cracking Attribution: Moving International Norms Forward". (Available at SSRN: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3300202).
Lewis, J.A.
"Confidence-Building and International Agreement in Cybersecurity", in Vignard, K., McCrae, R. and Powers, J. (eds.), Disarmament Forum: Confronting Cyberconflict, Geneva: UNIDIR, 2011 (4): 51-60.
Lewis, J.A.
"Liberty, Equality, Connectivity: Transatlantic Cybersecurity Norms", Washington D.C: Center for Strategic & International Studies.
Lewis, J.A.
"Multilateral Agreements to Constrain Cyberconflict", Arms Control Today, 40 (5): 14-19.
Lotrionte, C.
"A Better Defense: Examining the United States' New Norms-Based Approach to Cyber Deterrence", Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 75-88.
Maurer, T.
"The New Norms: Global Cyber-Security Protocols Face Challenges", IHS Jane’s Intelligence Review, March: 52-53.
Maurer, T.
"Cyber Norm Emergence at the United Nations, An Analysis of the UN‘s Activities Regarding Cyber-security", Discussion Paper 2011-11, Cambridge, Mass.: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School.
Maurer, T.
"A Dose of Realism: The Contestation and Politics of Cyber Norms". Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 1-23.
Maurer, T., Levite, A., & Perkovich, G.
"Toward a Global Norm Against Manipulating the Integrity of Financial Data", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 27 March 2017.
Mazanec, B.M.
"Why International Order in Cyberspace is Not Inevitable", Strategic Studies Quarterly, 9 (2): 78-98.
Mazanec, B.M.
The Evolution of Cyber War: International Norms for Emerging-Technology Weapons. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Mačák, K.
"Is the International Law of Cyber Security in Crisis?", in Pissanidis, N., Rõigas, H. and Veenendaal, M. (eds.), 2016 8th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Cyber Power, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 127-139.
Mačák, K.
"From Cyber Norms to Cyber Rules: Re-engaging States as Law-makers", Leiden Journal of International Law, 30 (4): 877-899.
Mačák, K.
"Military Objectives 2.0: The Case for Interpreting Computer Data as Objects under International Humanitarian Law", Israel Law Review, 48 (1): 55-80.
McKay, A., Neutze, J., Nicholas, P. and Sullivan, K.
International Cybersecurity Norms: Reducing conflict in an Internet-dependent world, Microsoft Corporation.
Moret, E. & Pawlak, P.
"The EU Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox: towards a cyber sanctions regime?". European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) Brief, July 2017.
Mueller, B.
"The Laws of War and Cyberspace: On the Need for a Treaty Concerning Cyber Conflict", Strategic Update 14.2, London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
Murray, A.
The Regulation of Cyberspace: Control in the Online Environment, New York: Routledge.
Nye, J.S.
"From Bombs to Bytes: Can Our Nuclear History Inform Our Cyber Future?", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 69 (5): 8-14.
Nye, J.S.
"The Regime Complex for Managing Global Cyber Activities. The Centre for International Governance", Global Commission on Internet Governance, Paper Series: No. 1 – May, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Chatham House.
Nye, J.S.
Normative Restraints on Cyber Conflict, Cambridge, Mass.: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School.
Orji, U.J.
Cybersecurity: Law and Regulation, Wolf Legal Publishers.
Ott, N.
"Conflict in Cyberspace: How International Legal Norms Can Reduce Military Escalation in Cyberspace", Fletcher Security Review, 3 (1): 67-76.
Pawlak, P.
"Confidence-Building Measures in Cyberspace: Current Debates and Trends", in Osula, A.-M. and Rõigas, H. (eds.), International Cyber Norms: Legal, Policy & Industry Perspectives, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 129-153.
Pawlak, P.
"The EU’s Role in Shaping the Cyber Regime Complex". European Foreign Affairs Review, 24 (2): 167–186.
Permanent Monitoring Panel on Information Security of the World Federation of Scientists (WFS)
"Erice Declaration on Principles for Cyber Stability and Cyber Peace", International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies: 42nd Session, Erice, Italy, 19-24 August, 110-111.
Polanski, P.P.
"Towards a Supranational Internet Law", Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology, 1 (1): 1-9.
Polanski, P.P.
Customary Law of the Internet. In the Search for a Supranational Cyberspace Law, The Hague: TMC Asser Press.
Post, D.G.
"Of Black Holes and Decentralized Law-Making in Cyberspace", Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment Law & Practice, 2 (1): 70-79.
Rauscher, K.F. and Korotkov, A.
Raymond, M.
"Applying Old Rules to New Cases: International Law in the Cyber Domain", Paper presented to the International Studies Association, Atlanta GA, 16-19 March 2016.
Ridout, T.A.
Rusch, J.J.
"Cyberspace and the “Devil’s Hatband”", Seattle University Law Review, 24 (2): 577-598.
Ryan, J.J.C.H., Ryan, D.J. and Tikk, E.
"Cybersecurity Regulation: Using Analogies to Develop Frameworks for Regulation", in Tikk, E. and Talihärm, A-M. (eds.), International Cyber Security Legal & Policy Proceedings 2010, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE, 76-99.
Sander, B.
"Democracy Under The Influence: Paradigms of State Responsibility for Cyber Influence Operations on Elections". Chinese Journal of International Law, 18 (1): 1–56.
Schjølberg, S. and Ghernaouti-Hélie, S.
A Global Protocol on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime, Cybercrimelaw.net.
Schjølberg, S. and Ghernaouti-Hélie, S.
A Global Treaty on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime, Cybercrimelaw.net.
Schmitt, M.N.
""Virtual" Disenfranchisement: Cyber Election Meddling in the Grey Zones of International Law", Chicago Journal of International Law, 19 (1): 30-67.
Schmitt, M.N.
"Peacetime Cyber Responses and Wartime Cyber Operations Under International Law: An Analytical Vade Mecum", Harvard National Security Journal, 8: 239-282.
Schmitt, M.N.
"Grey Zones in the International Law of Cyberspace", The Yale Journal of International Law Online, 42 (2): 1-21.
Schmitt, M.N.
"Wired Warfare 3.0: Protecting the Civilian Population During Cyber Operations", International Review of the Red Cross: 1-23.
Schmitt, M.N. & Vihul, L.
"Sovereignty in Cyberspace: Lex Lata Vel Non?", AJIL Unbound, 111: 213-218.
Schmitt, M.N. & Vihul, L.
"Respect for Sovereignty in Cyberspace", Texas Law Review, 95: 1639-1670.
Schmitt, M.N. (ed.)
Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schmitt, M.N. (ed.)
Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schmitt, M.N. and Vihul, L.
"The Nature of International Law Cyber Norms", Tallinn Paper No. 5, Special Expanded Issue, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications.
Schmitt, M.N. | Ministerie van Defensie
International Cyber Norms: Reflections on the Path Ahead, Ministerie van Defensie.
Singh, H.V., Abdel-Latif, A. and Tuthill, L.L.
"Governance of International Trade and the Internet: Existing and Evolving Regulatory Systems", Global Commission on Internet Governance, Paper Series: No. 32 – May, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Chatham House.
Sofaer, A.D., Clark, D. and Diffie, W.
"Cyber Security and International Agreements", Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks: Informing Strategies and Developing Options for U.S. Policy, National Academies Press, 179-206.
Solum, L.B. and Chung, M.
"The Layers Principle: Internet Architecture and the Law", Notre Dame Law Review, 79 (3): 815-948.
Steinbruner, J.
"Prospects for Global Restraints on Cyberattack", Arms Control Today, 41 (10): 21-26.
Stevens, T.
"A Cyberwar of Ideas? Deterrence and Norms in Cyberspace", Contemporary Security Policy, 33 (1): 148-170.
Streltsov, A.A.
"International Information Security: Description and Legal Aspects", in Vignard, K. (ed.), Disarmament Forum: ICTs and International Security, Geneva: UNIDIR, 2007 (3): 5-14.
Taddeo, M.
"Deterrence and Norms to Foster Stability in Cyberspace", Philosophy & Technology, 31: 323-329.
Taddeo, M.
"Deterrence by Norms to Stop Interstate Cyber Attacks", Minds and Machines, 27(3): 387-392.
Tikk-Ringas, E.
"Legal Framework of Cyber Security", in Lehto, M. and Neittaanmäki, P. (eds.), Cyber Security: Analytics, Technology and Automation, Springer International Publishing.
Tikk-Ringas, E.
"Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunication in the Context of International Security: Work of the UN First Committee 1998-2012", Cyber Policy Process Brief, ICT4Peace Foundation.
Tikk-Ringas, E.
"International Cyber Norms Dialogue as an Exercise of Normative Power", Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 17 (3): 47-59.
Tikk-Ringas, E. (ed.)
Evolution of the Cyber Domain: The Implications for National and Global Security - Strategic Dossier, IISS-Routledge, "Chapter 5: The 2000s".
Tropina, T. and Callanan, C.
Self- and Co-regulation in Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and National Security, Springer.
Tsagourias, N.
"Non-State Actors, Ungoverned Spaces and International Responsibility for Cyber Acts", Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 21 (3): 455-474.
Vecellio Segate, R.
"Fragmenting Cybersecurity Norms Through the Language(s) of Subalternity: India in 'the East' and the Global Community", Columbia Journal of Asian Law, 32 (2): 78-138. (Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3392781).
Vishik, C., Matsubara, M. and Plonk, A.
"Key Concepts in Cyber Security: Towards a Common Policy and Technology Context for Cyber Security Norms", in Osula, A.-M. and Rõigas, H. (eds.), International Cyber Norms: Legal, Policy & Industry Perspectives, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 221-242.
Walker, P.A.
"Law of the Horse to Law of the Submarine: The Future State Behavior in Cyberspace", in Maybaum, M., Osula, A.-M., and Lindström, L. (eds.), 2015 7th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Architectures in Cyberspace, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 93-104.
Watts, S.
"Cyber Law Development and the United States Law of War Manual", in Osula, A.-M. and Rõigas, H. (eds.), International Cyber Norms: Legal, Policy & Industry Perspectives, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 49-63.
Wingfield, T.C. and Tikk, E.
"Frameworks for International Cyber Security: The Cube, the Pyramid, and the Screen", in Tikk, E. and Talihärm, A-M. (eds.), International Cyber Security Legal & Policy Proceedings 2010, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE, 16-23.
Ziolkowski, K.
Confidence Building Measures for Cyberspace – Legal Implications, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications.
Ziolkowski, K. (ed.)
Peacetime Regime for State Activities in Cyberspace, International Law, International Relations and Diplomacy, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications.
Homburger, Z.
Kurowska, X.
"The politics of cyber norms: Beyond norm construction towards strategic narrative contestation", Research in Focus, EU Cyber Direct.
Finnemore, M. & Hollis, D.B.
"Beyond Naming and Shaming: Accusations and International Law in Cybersecurity". Temple University Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2019-14. (Available at SSRN: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3347958).
Homburger, Z.
"Conceptual Ambiguity of International Norms on State Behaviour in Cyberspace", Research in Focus, EU Cyber Direct.
Eggenschwiler, J.
"International Cybersecurity Norm Development: The Roles of States Post-2017", Research in Focus, EU Cyber Direct.
Vecellio Segate, R.
"Fragmenting Cybersecurity Norms Through the Language(s) of Subalternity: India in 'the East' and the Global Community", Columbia Journal of Asian Law, 32 (2): 78-138. (Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3392781).
Adamson, L. & Homburger Z.
"Let Them Roar: Small States as Cyber Norm Entrepreneurs", European Foreign Affairs Review, 24 (2): 217-234.
Sander, B.
"Democracy Under The Influence: Paradigms of State Responsibility for Cyber Influence Operations on Elections". Chinese Journal of International Law, 18 (1): 1–56.
Banks, W.
"The Bumpy Road to a Meaningful International Law of Cyber Attribution". AJIL Unbound, 113: 191-196.
Pawlak, P.
"The EU’s Role in Shaping the Cyber Regime Complex". European Foreign Affairs Review, 24 (2): 167–186.
Ivan, P.
"Responding to cyberattacks: Prospects for the EU Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox". Europe in the World Programme Discussion Paper, European Policy Centre.
Bannelier-Christakis, K.
"Due Diligence: a Strategic Norm of Responsible Behaviour for the EU Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox?". Inaugural meeting of the European Cyber Diplomacy Dialogue, EU Cyber Direct, January 2019.
CCDCOE Law Branch Researchers, Kadri Kaska (ed.)
"Trends in International Law for Cyberspace". NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE), May 2019.
Maurer, T.
"A Dose of Realism: The Contestation and Politics of Cyber Norms". Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 1-23.
Georgieva, I.
"The unexpected norm-setters: Intelligence agencies in cyberspace". Contemporary Security Policy.
Broeders, D., Boeke, S. & Georgieva, I.
Foreign intelligence in the digital age. Navigating a state of 'unpeace'. The Hague Program for Cyber Norms Policy Brief. September 2019.
Egloff, F.J.
"Contested public attributions of cyber incidents and the role of academia". Contemporary Security Policy.
Biller, J.T. & Schmitt, M.N.
"Classification of Cyber Capabilities and Operations as Weapons, Means or Methods of Warfare", International Law Studies, 95: 179-225.
Schmitt, M.N.
"Wired Warfare 3.0: Protecting the Civilian Population During Cyber Operations", International Review of the Red Cross: 1-23.
Eldem, T.
"The Governance of Turkey’s Cyberspace: Between Cyber Security and Information Security", International Journal of Public Administration.
Broeders, D., Adamson, L. & Creemers, R.
A coalition of the unwilling? Chinese and Russian perspectives on cyberspace. The Hague Program for Cyber Norms Policy Brief. November 2019.
Schmitt, M.N. | Ministerie van Defensie
International Cyber Norms: Reflections on the Path Ahead, Ministerie van Defensie.
Nye, J.S.
Normative Restraints on Cyber Conflict, Cambridge, Mass.: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School.
Taddeo, M.
"Deterrence and Norms to Foster Stability in Cyberspace", Philosophy & Technology, 31: 323-329.
Schmitt, M.N.
""Virtual" Disenfranchisement: Cyber Election Meddling in the Grey Zones of International Law", Chicago Journal of International Law, 19 (1): 30-67.
Lantis, J.S. & Bloomberg, D.J.
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