Cyber norms bibliography
A regularly updated and easily searchable bibliography on cyber norms-related publications.
This bibliography was originally compiled by Liisi Adamson - please send any additions or suggestions to info@thehaguecybernorms.nl
NB: Underlined items link directly to the referred article or book.
Cyber Norms Bibliography PDF Download
Adamson, L. & Homburger Z.
"Let Them Roar: Small States as Cyber Norm Entrepreneurs", European Foreign Affairs Review, 24 (2): 217-234.
Ashton-Hart, N.
"Solving the International Internet Policy Coordination Problem", Global Commission on Internet Governance, Paper Series: No. 12 – May, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Chatham House.
Austin, G.
"International Legal Norms in Cyberspace: Evolution of China’s National Security Motivations", in Osula, A.-M. & Rõigas, H. (eds.), International Cyber Norms: Legal, Policy & Industry Perspectives, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 171-201.
Austin, G., McConnell, B. & Neutze, J.
Banks, W.
"The Bumpy Road to a Meaningful International Law of Cyber Attribution", AJIL Unbound, 113: 191-196.
Bannelier-Christakis, K.
"Due Diligence: a Strategic Norm of Responsible Behaviour for the EU Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox?", Inaugural meeting of the European Cyber Diplomacy Dialogue, EU Cyber Direct, January 2019.
Barrinha, A. & Renard, T.
"Power and diplomacy in the post-liberal cyberspace", International Affairs, 96 (3): 749-766.
Barton, A.M.
"Norm Origin and Development in Cyberspace: Models of Cybernorm Evolution", Washington University Law Quarterly, 78 (1): 59-111.
Baseley-Walker, B.
"Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Cyberspace: Towards Norms of Behaviour", in Vignard, K., McCrae, R. & Powers, J. (eds.), Disarmament Forum: Confronting Cyberconflict, Geneva: UNIDIR, 2011 (4): 31-40.
Bellovin, S.M., Landau, S. & Lin, H.S.
"Limiting the undesired impact of cyber weapons: technical requirements and policy implications", Journal of Cybersecurity, 3 (1): 59-68.
Benkler, Y.
"From Consumers to Users: Shifting the Deeper Structures of Regulation Toward Sustainable Commons and User Access", Federal Communications Law Journal, 52 (3): 561-579.
Benson, B.L.
"The Spontaneous Evolution of Cyber Law: Norms, Property Rights, Contracting, Dispute Resolution and Enforcement without the State", Journal of Law, Economics & Policy, 1 (2): 269-348.
Biller, J.T. & Schmitt, M.N.
"Classification of Cyber Capabilities and Operations as Weapons, Means or Methods of Warfare", International Law Studies, 95: 179-225.
Borghard, E.D. & Lonergan, S.W.
"Cyber Operations as Imperfect Tools of Escalation", Strategic Studies Quarterly, 13 (3): 122-145.
Boyko, S.
"UN Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security", International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy, and International Relations, 62 (5).
Brantly, A.F.
"Entanglement in Cyberspace: Minding the Deterrence Gap", Democracy and Security, 16 (3): 210-233.
Broeders, D.
The Public Core of the Internet, An International Agenda for Internet Governance, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Broeders, D., Adamson, L. & Creemers, R.
A coalition of the unwilling? Chinese and Russian perspectives on cyberspace, The Hague Program for Cyber Norms Policy Brief, November 2019.
Broeders, D., Boeke, S. & Georgieva, I.
Foreign intelligence in the digital age. Navigating a state of 'unpeace', The Hague Program for Cyber Norms Policy Brief, September 2019.
Broeders, D., De Busser, E. & Pawlak, P.
Three tales of attribution in cyberspace: Criminal law, international law and policy debates, The Hague Program for Cyber Norms Policy Brief, April 2020.
Brown, G. & Poellet, K.
"The Customary International Law of Cyberspace", Strategic Studies Quarterly, 6 (3): 126-145.
Buchan, R.
"Taking Care of Business: Industrial Espionage and International Law", The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 26 (1): 143-160.
Buchanan, B. & Cunningham, F.S.
"Preparing the Cyber Battlefield: Assessing a Novel Escalation Risk in a Sino-American Crisis", Texas National Security Review, 3 (4): 54-81.
Burton, J.
"Cyber Security Norms in the Euro-Atlantic Region: NATO and the EU as Norm Entrepreneurs and Norm Diffusers", in Gruszczak, A. & Frankowski, P. (eds.), Technology, Ethics and the Protocols of Modern War, London: Routledge.
Butler, R.J. & Lachow, I.
"Multilateral Approaches for Improving Global Security in Cyberspace", Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 5-14.
CCDCOE Law Branch Researchers, Kadri Kaska (ed.)
"Trends in International Law for Cyberspace", NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE), May 2019.
Calderaro, A. & Craig, A.J.
Centre for International Governance Innovation & Royal Institute of International Affairs
A Universal Internet in a Bordered World: Research on Fragmentation, Openness and Interoperability (Research Volume One), Global Commission on Internet Governance, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Chatham House.
Chantzos, I. & Alam, S.
"Technological Integrity and the Role of Industry in Emerging Cyber Norms", in Osula, A.-M. & Rõigas, H. (eds.), International Cyber Norms: Legal, Policy & Industry Perspectives, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 203-220.
Charney, S., English, E., Kleiner, A., Malisevic, N., McKay, A., Neutze, J., & Nicholas, P.
From Articulation to Implementation: Enabling Progress on Cybersecurity Norms, Microsoft Corporation.
Chertoff, M. & Rosenzweig, P.
"A Primer on Globally Harmonizing Internet Jurisdiction and Regulations", Global Commission on Internet Governance, Paper Series: No. 10 – March, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Chatham House.
Choucri, N.
"Co-Evolution of Cyberspace and International Relations: New Challenges for the Social Sciences", Prepared for World Social Science Forum (WSSF) 2013 Montreal, Canada, Cambridge, MA: MIT.
Choucri, N. & Agarwal, G.
Claessen, E.
Clarke, R.A.
Securing Cyberspace Through International Norms: Recommendations for Policymakers and the Private Sector, Washington D.C: Good Harbor Security Risk Management, LLC.
Claussen, K.
"Beyond Norms: Using International Economic Tools to Deter Malicious State-Sponsored Cyber Activities", Temple International & Comparative Law Journal, 32 (2): 113-125. (Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3395176).
Collier, J.
"Cyber Security Assemblages: A Framework for Understanding the Dynamic and Contested Nature of Security Provision", Politics and Governance, 6 (2): 13-21.
Corn, G. & Jensen, E.T.
"The Use of Force and Cyber Countermeasures", Temple International & Comparative Law Journal, 32 (2): 127-133. (Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3190253).
Crandall, M. & Allan, C.
"Small States and Big Ideas: Estonia’s Battle for Cybersecurity Norms", Contemporary Security Policy, 36 (2): 346-368.
Cristiano, F.
"Israel: Cyber Warfare and Security as National Trademarks of International Legitimacy", in Romaniuk, S.N. & Manjikian, M. (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Global Cyber-Security Strategy, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. (Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3698972).
Cristiano, F.
"Palestine: Whose Cyber Security without Cyber Sovereignty?", in Romaniuk, S.N. & Manjikian, M. (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Global Cyber-Security Strategy, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. (Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3700850).
Cristiano, F.
"From Simulations to Simulacra of War: Game Scenarios in Cyberwar Exercises", Journal of War & Culture Studies, 11 (1): 22-37.
Cristiano, F.
"Deterritorializing Cyber Security and Warfare in Palestine: Hackers, Sovereignty, and the National Cyberspace as Normative", CyberOrient, 13 (1): 28-42.
Davis, II, J.S., Boudreaux, B., Welburn, J.W., Aguirre, J., Ogletree, C., McGovern, G., & Chase, M.S.
Stateless Attribution: Toward International Accountability in Cyberspace. Research Reports. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Davis, J.A. & Lewis, C.
"Beyond the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts", The Cyber Defense Review: 161-168.
Delerue, F.
Cyber Operations and International Law, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 146.
Dunn Cavelty, M. & Wenger, A.
"Cyber security meets security politics: Complex technology, fragmented politics, and networked science", Contemporary Security Policy, 41 (1): 5-32.
Dwyer, A. & Silomon, J.
"Dangerous Gaming: Cyber-Attacks, Air-Strikes and Twitter", E-International Relations, 23 September 2019.
Easterbrook, F.H.
"Cyberspace and the Law of the Horse", University of Chicago Legal Forum, Vol. 1996, Article 7.
Eggenschwiler, J.
"International Cybersecurity Norm Development: The Roles of States Post-2017", Research in Focus, EU Cyber Direct.
Egloff, F.J.
"Contested public attributions of cyber incidents and the role of academia", Contemporary Security Policy.
Eldem, T.
"The Governance of Turkey’s Cyberspace: Between Cyber Security and Information Security", International Journal of Public Administration.
Elliott, D.
"Weighing the Case For a Convention to Limit Cyberwarfare", Arms Control Today, 39 (9): 21-27.
Erskine, T. & Carr, M.
"Beyond ‘Quasi-Norms’: The Challenges and Potential of Engaging with Norms in Cyberspace", in Osula, A.-M. & Rõigas, H. (eds.), International Cyber Norms: Legal, Policy & Industry Perspectives, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 87-109.
Fairbank, N.A.
"The state of Microsoft? The role of corporations in international norm creation", Journal of Cyber Policy, 4 (3): 380-403.
Finnemore, M.
"Cultivating International Cyber Norms", in Lord, K.M. & Sharp, T (eds.), America’s Cyber Future: Security and Prosperity in the Information Age, Washington D.C.: Center for a New American Security, 87-102.
Finnemore, M.
"Cybersecurity and the Concept of Norms", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 30 November 2017.
Finnemore, M. & Hollis, D.
"Constructing Norms for Global Cybersecurity", American Journal of International Law, 110 (3): 425-479.
Finnemore, M. & Hollis, D.B.
"Beyond Naming and Shaming: Accusations and International Law in Cybersecurity". Temple University Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2019-14. (Available at SSRN: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3347958).
Forsyth, J.W.
"What Great Powers Make It. International Order and the Logic of Cooperation in Cyberspace", Strategic Studies Quarterly, 7 (1): 93-113.
Forsyth, J.W. & Pope, B.E.
"Structural Causes and Cyber Effects: Why International Order is Inevitable in Cyberspace", Strategic Studies Quarterly, 8 (4): 112-128.
Gechlik, M.
"Appropriate Norms of State Behavior in Cyberspace: Governance in China and Opportunities for US Businesses", Hoover Working Group on National Security, Technology, and Law, Aegis Series Paper No. 1706, 28 July 2017.
Geier, K.
"Norms, Confidence and Capacity Building: Putting the UN Recommendations on Information and Communication Technologies in the Context of International Security Into OSCE-Action", European Cybersecurity Journal, 2 (1).
Georgieva, I.
"The unexpected norm-setters: Intelligence agencies in cyberspace", Contemporary Security Policy.
Ghernaouti-Hélie, S.
"We Need a Cyberspace Treaty: Regional and bilateral agreements are not enough", Intermedia, 38 (3): 4-5.
Gilli, A. & Gilli, M.
"Why China Has Not Caught Up Yet: Military-Technological Superiority and the Limits of Imitation, Reverse Engineering, and Cyber Espionage", International Security, 43 (3): 141-189.
Gioe, D.V., Goodman, V.S., & Stevens, T.
"Intelligence in the Cyber Era: Evolution or Revolution?", Political Science Quarterly, 135 (2): 191-224.
Glennon, M.J.
"The Dark Future of International Cybersecurity Regulation", Journal of National Security Law & Policy, 6 (2): 563-570.
Goldman, E.O.
"From Reaction to Action: Adopting a Competitive Posture in Cyber Diplomacy", Texas National Security Review, special issue on Cyber Competition.
Goldschmidt, C., Dark, M.J. & Chaudhry, H.
"Responsibility for the Harm and Risk of Software Security Flaws", in Dark, M.J. (ed.), Information Assurance and Security Ethics in Complex Systems: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Hershey PA: IGI Global, 104-131.
Goldsmith, J.
"Cybersecurity Treaties: A Skeptical View", in Berkowitz, P. (ed.), Future Challenges in National Security and Law, Hoover Institution Press.
Greenberg, A.
Sandworm: A New Era of Cyberwar and the Hunt for the Kremlin's Most Dangerous Hackers. Doubleday.
Hamman, S.T., Mewhirter, J., Harknett, R.J., Vićić, J., & White, P.
"Deciphering Cyber Operations", The Cyber Defense Review, 5 (1): 135-152.
Hampson, F.O. & Sulmeyer, M. (eds.)
Getting beyond Norms: New Approaches to International Cyber Security Challenges, Centre for International Governance Innovation.
Harknett, R.J. & Smeets, M
"Cyber campaigns and strategic outcomes", Journal of Strategic Studies.
Hassib, B. & Shires, J.
"Manipulating uncertainty: cybersecurity politics in Egypt", Journal of Cybersecurity, 7 (1).
Healey, J.
"The implications of persistent (and permanent) engagement in cyberspace", Journal of Cybersecurity, 5 (1).
Healey, J. & Pitts, H.
"Applying International Environmental Legal Norms to Cyber Statecraft", I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society, 8 (2): 356- 387.
Heintschel von Heinegg, W.
"International Law and International Information Security: A Response to Krutskikh and Streltsov", Tallinn Paper No. 9, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications.
Henschke, A., Sussex, M. & O'Connor, C.
"Countering foreign interference: election integrity lessons for liberal democracies", Journal of Cyber Policy, 5 (2): 180-198.
Hoffman, S., Lazanski, D. & Taylor, E.
"Standardising the splinternet: how China's technical standards could fragment the internet", Journal of Cyber Policy, 5(2): 1-26.
Holland, H.B.
"The Failure of the Rule of Law in Cyberspace?: Reorienting the Normative Debate on Borders and Territorial Sovereignty", The John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law, 24 (1): 1-34.
Hollis, D.
"China and the US Strategic Construction of Cybernorms: The Process is the Product", Hoover Working Group on National Security, Technology, and Law, Aegis Paper Series No. 1704, 7 July 2017.
Homburger, Z.
Homburger, Z.
"Conceptual Ambiguity of International Norms on State Behaviour in Cyberspace", Research in Focus, EU Cyber Direct.
Hughes, R.
"Towards a Global Regime for Cyber Warfare", in Czosseck, C. & Geers, K. (eds.), The Virtual Battlefield: Perspectives on Cyber Warfare, Conference proceedings - Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence (CCD CoE) Conference on Cyber Warfare (June 2009, Tallinn, Estonia).
Hurel, L.M. & Lobato, L.C.
"Unpacking Cyber Norms: Private Companies as Norm Entrepreneurs", Journal of Cyber Policy, 3 (1): 61-76.
Hurwitz, R.
"The Play of States: Norms and Security in Cyberspace", American Foreign Policy Interests: The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, 36 (5): 322-331.
Hurwitz, R.
Hurwitz, R.
A Call to Cyber Norms: Discussions at the Harvard-MIT-University of Toronto Cyber Norms Workshops, 2011 and 2012, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
Hurwitz, R.
"A New Normal? The Cultivation of Global Norms as Part of a Cybersecurity Strategy", in Yannakogeorgos, P.A. & Lowther, A.B. (eds.), Conflict and Cooperation In Cyberspace, The Challenge to National Security, Taylor & Francis.
Information Technology Industry Council
Inglis, J.C.
"Shining a Light on Cyber: An Interview with John C. 'Chris' Inglis", Strategic Studies Quarterly, 14 (3): 3-11.
International Security Advisory Board (ISAB)
Ivan, P.
"Responding to cyberattacks: Prospects for the EU Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox", Europe in the World Programme Discussion Paper, European Policy Centre.
Kaljurand, M.
"United Nations Group of Governmental Experts: The Estonian Perspective", in Osula, A.-M. & Rõigas, H. (eds.), International Cyber Norms: Legal, Policy & Industry Perspectives, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 111-127.
Kanuck, S.
"Sovereign Discourse on Cyber Conflict Under International Law", Texas Law Review, 88 (7): 1571-1598.
Kavanagh, C.
"Cyber Dialogue 2012 Briefs: Whither “Rules of the Road” for Cyberspace?", CyberDialogue 2012: What is Stewardship in Cyberspace.
Kerttunen, M.
"Patterns of Behavior: States In, Through, and About Cyberspace", Cyber Policy Institute.
Klimburg, A. & Almeida, V.A.
"Cyber Peace and Cyber Stability: Taking the Norm Road to Stability", IEEE Internet Computing, 23 (4): 61-66.
Klimburg, A. & Tirmaa-Klaar, H.
"Cybersecurity and Cyberpower: Concepts, Conditions and Capabilities for Cooperation for Action Within the EU", Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union, Directorate B, Policy Department, European Parliament.
Komov, S., Korotkov, S. & Dylevski, I.
"Military Aspects of Ensuring International Information Security in the Context of Elaborating Universally Acknowledged Principles of International Law", in Vignard, K. (ed.), Disarmament Forum: ICTs and International Security, Geneva: UNIDIR, 2007 (3): 35-44.
Krutskikh, A. & Streltsov, A.A.
"International Law and the Problem of International Information Security", International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy, and International Relations, 60 (6), 64-76.
Krutskikh, A.V.
"[On Legal and Political Foundations of Global Information Security]" (in Russian), Mezhdunarodniye Protsessy, 1 (5), 28–37.
Kurowska, X.
"The politics of cyber norms: Beyond norm construction towards strategic narrative contestation", Research in Focus, EU Cyber Direct.
Lahmann, H.
Unilateral Remedies to Cyber Operations: Self-Defence, Countermeasures, Necessity, and the Question of Attribution, Cambridge University Press.
Lambach, D.
"The Territorialization of Cyberspace", International Studies Review, 22 (3): 482-506.
Lantis, J.S. & Bloomberg, D.J.
"Changing the code? Norm contestation and US antipreneurism in cyberspace", International Relations, 32 (2): 149-172.
Lefebvre, J.
"Cracking Attribution: Moving International Norms Forward". (Available at SSRN: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3300202).
Lemnitzer, J.M.
"Why cybersecurity insurance should be regulated and compulsory", Journal of Cyber Policy.
Lewis, J.A.
"Confidence-Building and International Agreement in Cybersecurity", in Vignard, K., McCrae, R. & Powers, J. (eds.), Disarmament Forum: Confronting Cyberconflict, Geneva: UNIDIR, 2011 (4): 51-60.
Lewis, J.A.
"Multilateral Agreements to Constrain Cyberconflict", Arms Control Today, 40 (5): 14-19.
Lewis, J.A.
"Liberty, Equality, Connectivity: Transatlantic Cybersecurity Norms", Washington D.C: Center for Strategic & International Studies.
Libicki, M.
"The Coming of Cyber Espionage Norms", in: Rõigas, H., Jakschis, R., Lindström, L. & Minárik, T. (eds.), 2017 9th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Defending the Core, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications.
Lin, H.
"The existential threat from cyber-enabled information warfare", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 75 (4): 187-196.
Lin, H.
"Attribution of malicious cyber incidents: From soup to nuts", Journal of International Affairs, 70 (1): 75-137.
Lindsay, J.R.
"Cyber conflict vs. Cyber Command: hidden dangers in the American military solution to a large-scale intelligence problem", Intelligence and National Security: 1-19.
Lindsay, J.R.
Information Technology and Military Power, Cornell University Press.
Lotrionte, C.
"A Better Defense: Examining the United States' New Norms-Based Approach to Cyber Deterrence", Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 75-88.
Lucas, G.
"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare: The Ethical Paradox of 'Universal Diffidence'", in Christen, M., Gordijn, B. & Loi, M. (eds.). The Ethics of Cybersecurity, The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 21, Springer: 245-258.
Maschmeyer, L., Deibert, R.J. & Lindsay, J.R.
"A tale of two cybers-how threat reporting by cybersecurity firms systematically underrepresents threats to civil society", Journal of Information Technology & Politics: 1-20.
Maurer, T.
"Cyber Norm Emergence at the United Nations, An Analysis of the UN‘s Activities Regarding Cyber-security", Discussion Paper 2011-11, Cambridge, Mass.: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School.
Maurer, T.
"The New Norms: Global Cyber-Security Protocols Face Challenges", IHS Jane’s Intelligence Review, March: 52-53.
Maurer, T.
"A Dose of Realism: The Contestation and Politics of Cyber Norms", Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 1-23.
Maurer, T., Levite, A., & Perkovich, G.
"Toward a Global Norm Against Manipulating the Integrity of Financial Data", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 27 March 2017.
Mazanec, B.M.
"Why International Order in Cyberspace is Not Inevitable", Strategic Studies Quarterly, 9 (2): 78-98.
Mazanec, B.M.
The Evolution of Cyber War: International Norms for Emerging-Technology Weapons. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Mačák, K.
"Is the International Law of Cyber Security in Crisis?", in Pissanidis, N., Rõigas, H. & Veenendaal, M. (eds.), 2016 8th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Cyber Power, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 127-139.
Mačák, K.
"From Cyber Norms to Cyber Rules: Re-engaging States as Law-makers", Leiden Journal of International Law, 30 (4): 877-899.
Mačák, K.
"Military Objectives 2.0: The Case for Interpreting Computer Data as Objects under International Humanitarian Law", Israel Law Review, 48 (1): 55-80.
McKay, A., Neutze, J., Nicholas, P. & Sullivan, K.
International Cybersecurity Norms: Reducing conflict in an Internet-dependent world, Microsoft Corporation.
Meyer, P.
"Norms of Responsible State Behaviour in Cyberspace", in Christen, M., Gordijn, B. & Loi, M., The Ethics of Cybersecurity, Springer.
Moret, E. & Pawlak, P.
"The EU Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox: towards a cyber sanctions regime?", European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) Brief, July 2017.
Moynihan, H.
Moynihan, H.
"The vital role of international law in the framework for responsible state behaviour in cyberspace", Journal of Cyber Policy.
Mueller, B.
"The Laws of War and Cyberspace: On the Need for a Treaty Concerning Cyber Conflict", Strategic Update 14.2, London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
Mueller, M., Grindal, K., Kuerbis, B. & Badiei, F.
"Cyber Attribution: Can a New Institution Achieve Transnational Credibility?", The Cyber Defense Review, 4 (1): 107-122.
Mukerji, A.
"The Need for an International Convention on Cyberspace", Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development, 16: 198-209.
Murray, A.
The Regulation of Cyberspace: Control in the Online Environment, New York: Routledge.
Nye, J.S.
"From Bombs to Bytes: Can Our Nuclear History Inform Our Cyber Future?", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 69 (5): 8-14.
Nye, J.S.
"The Regime Complex for Managing Global Cyber Activities. The Centre for International Governance", Global Commission on Internet Governance, Paper Series: No. 1 – May, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Chatham House.
Nye, J.S.
Normative Restraints on Cyber Conflict, Cambridge, Mass.: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School.
O'Loughlin, B. & Drew, A.
"Sending a message: the primacy of action as communication in cyber-security", in Dutton, W.H. (ed.), A Research Agenda for Digital Politics, Elgar Research Agendas: 146-158.
Ohlin, J.D.
Election Interference: International Law and the Future of Democracy. Cambridge University Press.
Orji, U.J.
Cybersecurity: Law and Regulation, Wolf Legal Publishers.
Ott, N.
"Conflict in Cyberspace: How International Legal Norms Can Reduce Military Escalation in Cyberspace", Fletcher Security Review, 3 (1): 67-76.
Pawlak, P.
"Confidence-Building Measures in Cyberspace: Current Debates and Trends", in Osula, A.-M. & Rõigas, H. (eds.), International Cyber Norms: Legal, Policy & Industry Perspectives, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 129-153.
Pawlak, P.
"The EU’s Role in Shaping the Cyber Regime Complex", European Foreign Affairs Review, 24 (2): 167–186.
Permanent Monitoring Panel on Information Security of the World Federation of Scientists (WFS)
"Erice Declaration on Principles for Cyber Stability and Cyber Peace", International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies: 42nd Session, Erice, Italy, 19-24 August, 110-111.
Polanski, P.P.
Customary Law of the Internet. In the Search for a Supranational Cyberspace Law, The Hague: TMC Asser Press.
Polanski, P.P.
"Towards a Supranational Internet Law", Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology, 1 (1): 1-9.
Post, D.G.
"Of Black Holes and Decentralized Law-Making in Cyberspace", Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment Law & Practice, 2 (1): 70-79.
Rauscher, K.F. & Korotkov, A.
Raymond, M.
"Applying Old Rules to New Cases: International Law in the Cyber Domain", Paper presented to the International Studies Association, Atlanta GA, 16-19 March 2016.
Ridout, T.A.
Roguski, P.
Application of International Law to Cyber Operations: A Comparative Analysis of States' Views, The Hague Program for Cyber Norms Policy Brief, March 2020.
Romanosky, S. & Boudreaux, B.
"Private-Sector Attribution of Cyber Incidents: Benefits and Risks to the U.S. Government", International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence: 1-31.
Rowe, N.C.
"A Taxonomy of Norms in Cyberconflict for Government Policymakers", Journal of Information Warfare, 17 (1): 31-48.
Rusch, J.J.
"Cyberspace and the “Devil’s Hatband”", Seattle University Law Review, 24 (2): 577-598.
Ryan, J.J.C.H., Ryan, D.J. & Tikk, E.
"Cybersecurity Regulation: Using Analogies to Develop Frameworks for Regulation", in Tikk, E. & Talihärm, A-M. (eds.), International Cyber Security Legal & Policy Proceedings 2010, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE, 76-99.
Sander, B.
"Democracy Under The Influence: Paradigms of State Responsibility for Cyber Influence Operations on Elections", Chinese Journal of International Law, 18 (1): 1–56.
Schjølberg, S. & Ghernaouti-Hélie, S.
A Global Treaty on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime, Cybercrimelaw.net.
Schjølberg, S. & Ghernaouti-Hélie, S.
A Global Protocol on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime, Cybercrimelaw.net.
Schmitt, M.N.
"Autonomous Cyber Capabilities and the International Law of Sovereignty and Intervention", International Law Studies, 96: 549-576.
Schmitt, M.N.
""Virtual" Disenfranchisement: Cyber Election Meddling in the Grey Zones of International Law", Chicago Journal of International Law, 19 (1): 30-67.
Schmitt, M.N.
"Grey Zones in the International Law of Cyberspace", The Yale Journal of International Law Online, 42 (2): 1-21.
Schmitt, M.N.
"Peacetime Cyber Responses and Wartime Cyber Operations Under International Law: An Analytical Vade Mecum", Harvard National Security Journal, 8: 239-282.
Schmitt, M.N.
"Wired Warfare 3.0: Protecting the Civilian Population During Cyber Operations", International Review of the Red Cross: 1-23.
Schmitt, M.N. & Vihul, L.
"The Nature of International Law Cyber Norms", Tallinn Paper No. 5, Special Expanded Issue, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications.
Schmitt, M.N. & Vihul, L.
"Respect for Sovereignty in Cyberspace", Texas Law Review, 95: 1639-1670.
Schmitt, M.N. & Vihul, L.
"Sovereignty in Cyberspace: Lex Lata Vel Non?", AJIL Unbound, 111: 213-218.
Schmitt, M.N. (ed.)
Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schmitt, M.N. (ed.)
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"Law of the Horse to Law of the Submarine: The Future State Behavior in Cyberspace", in Maybaum, M., Osula, A.-M., & Lindström, L. (eds.), 2015 7th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Architectures in Cyberspace, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 93-104.
Tikk-Ringas, E. (ed.)
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Tropina, T. & Callanan, C.
Self- and Co-regulation in Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and National Security, Springer.
Hurwitz, R.
A Call to Cyber Norms: Discussions at the Harvard-MIT-University of Toronto Cyber Norms Workshops, 2011 and 2012, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
Mazanec, B.M.
"Why International Order in Cyberspace is Not Inevitable", Strategic Studies Quarterly, 9 (2): 78-98.
Tikk-Ringas, E.
"Legal Framework of Cyber Security", in Lehto, M. & Neittaanmäki, P. (eds.), Cyber Security: Analytics, Technology and Automation, Springer International Publishing.
Mazanec, B.M.
The Evolution of Cyber War: International Norms for Emerging-Technology Weapons. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Mačák, K.
"Military Objectives 2.0: The Case for Interpreting Computer Data as Objects under International Humanitarian Law", Israel Law Review, 48 (1): 55-80.
Forsyth, J.W. & Pope, B.E.
"Structural Causes and Cyber Effects: Why International Order is Inevitable in Cyberspace", Strategic Studies Quarterly, 8 (4): 112-128.
Hurwitz, R.
"The Play of States: Norms and Security in Cyberspace", American Foreign Policy Interests: The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, 36 (5): 322-331.
Krutskikh, A. & Streltsov, A.A.
"International Law and the Problem of International Information Security", International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy, and International Relations, 60 (6), 64-76.
Nye, J.S.
"The Regime Complex for Managing Global Cyber Activities. The Centre for International Governance", Global Commission on Internet Governance, Paper Series: No. 1 – May, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Chatham House.
International Security Advisory Board (ISAB)
Mueller, B.
"The Laws of War and Cyberspace: On the Need for a Treaty Concerning Cyber Conflict", Strategic Update 14.2, London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
Schmitt, M.N. & Vihul, L.
"The Nature of International Law Cyber Norms", Tallinn Paper No. 5, Special Expanded Issue, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications.
Lewis, J.A.
"Liberty, Equality, Connectivity: Transatlantic Cybersecurity Norms", Washington D.C: Center for Strategic & International Studies.
McKay, A., Neutze, J., Nicholas, P. & Sullivan, K.
International Cybersecurity Norms: Reducing conflict in an Internet-dependent world, Microsoft Corporation.
Choucri, N.
"Co-Evolution of Cyberspace and International Relations: New Challenges for the Social Sciences", Prepared for World Social Science Forum (WSSF) 2013 Montreal, Canada, Cambridge, MA: MIT.
Forsyth, J.W.
"What Great Powers Make It. International Order and the Logic of Cooperation in Cyberspace", Strategic Studies Quarterly, 7 (1): 93-113.
Ziolkowski, K. (ed.)
Peacetime Regime for State Activities in Cyberspace, International Law, International Relations and Diplomacy, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications.
Schmitt, M.N. (ed.)
Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nye, J.S.
"From Bombs to Bytes: Can Our Nuclear History Inform Our Cyber Future?", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 69 (5): 8-14.
Glennon, M.J.
"The Dark Future of International Cybersecurity Regulation", Journal of National Security Law & Policy, 6 (2): 563-570.
Hurwitz, R.
"A New Normal? The Cultivation of Global Norms as Part of a Cybersecurity Strategy", in Yannakogeorgos, P.A. & Lowther, A.B. (eds.), Conflict and Cooperation In Cyberspace, The Challenge to National Security, Taylor & Francis.
Ziolkowski, K.
Confidence Building Measures for Cyberspace – Legal Implications, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications.
Lotrionte, C.
"A Better Defense: Examining the United States' New Norms-Based Approach to Cyber Deterrence", Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 75-88.
Brown, G. & Poellet, K.
"The Customary International Law of Cyberspace", Strategic Studies Quarterly, 6 (3): 126-145.
Butler, R.J. & Lachow, I.
"Multilateral Approaches for Improving Global Security in Cyberspace", Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 5-14.
Clarke, R.A.
Securing Cyberspace Through International Norms: Recommendations for Policymakers and the Private Sector, Washington D.C: Good Harbor Security Risk Management, LLC.
Healey, J. & Pitts, H.
"Applying International Environmental Legal Norms to Cyber Statecraft", I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society, 8 (2): 356- 387.
Hurwitz, R.
Tikk-Ringas, E.
"Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunication in the Context of International Security: Work of the UN First Committee 1998-2012", Cyber Policy Process Brief, ICT4Peace Foundation.
Orji, U.J.
Cybersecurity: Law and Regulation, Wolf Legal Publishers.
Stevens, T.
"A Cyberwar of Ideas? Deterrence and Norms in Cyberspace", Contemporary Security Policy, 33 (1): 148-170.
Kavanagh, C.
"Cyber Dialogue 2012 Briefs: Whither “Rules of the Road” for Cyberspace?", CyberDialogue 2012: What is Stewardship in Cyberspace.
Baseley-Walker, B.
"Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Cyberspace: Towards Norms of Behaviour", in Vignard, K., McCrae, R. & Powers, J. (eds.), Disarmament Forum: Confronting Cyberconflict, Geneva: UNIDIR, 2011 (4): 31-40.
Finnemore, M.
"Cultivating International Cyber Norms", in Lord, K.M. & Sharp, T (eds.), America’s Cyber Future: Security and Prosperity in the Information Age, Washington D.C.: Center for a New American Security, 87-102.
Maurer, T.
"Cyber Norm Emergence at the United Nations, An Analysis of the UN‘s Activities Regarding Cyber-security", Discussion Paper 2011-11, Cambridge, Mass.: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School.
Goldsmith, J.
"Cybersecurity Treaties: A Skeptical View", in Berkowitz, P. (ed.), Future Challenges in National Security and Law, Hoover Institution Press.
Klimburg, A. & Tirmaa-Klaar, H.
"Cybersecurity and Cyberpower: Concepts, Conditions and Capabilities for Cooperation for Action Within the EU", Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union, Directorate B, Policy Department, European Parliament.
Lewis, J.A.
"Confidence-Building and International Agreement in Cybersecurity", in Vignard, K., McCrae, R. & Powers, J. (eds.), Disarmament Forum: Confronting Cyberconflict, Geneva: UNIDIR, 2011 (4): 51-60.
Information Technology Industry Council
Schjølberg, S. & Ghernaouti-Hélie, S.
A Global Treaty on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime, Cybercrimelaw.net.
Rauscher, K.F. & Korotkov, A.
Steinbruner, J.
"Prospects for Global Restraints on Cyberattack", Arms Control Today, 41 (10): 21-26.
Sofaer, A.D., Clark, D. & Diffie, W.
"Cyber Security and International Agreements", Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks: Informing Strategies and Developing Options for U.S. Policy, National Academies Press, 179-206.
Permanent Monitoring Panel on Information Security of the World Federation of Scientists (WFS)
"Erice Declaration on Principles for Cyber Stability and Cyber Peace", International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies: 42nd Session, Erice, Italy, 19-24 August, 110-111.
Wingfield, T.C. & Tikk, E.
"Frameworks for International Cyber Security: The Cube, the Pyramid, and the Screen", in Tikk, E. & Talihärm, A-M. (eds.), International Cyber Security Legal & Policy Proceedings 2010, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE, 16-23.
Ghernaouti-Hélie, S.
"We Need a Cyberspace Treaty: Regional and bilateral agreements are not enough", Intermedia, 38 (3): 4-5.
Ryan, J.J.C.H., Ryan, D.J. & Tikk, E.
"Cybersecurity Regulation: Using Analogies to Develop Frameworks for Regulation", in Tikk, E. & Talihärm, A-M. (eds.), International Cyber Security Legal & Policy Proceedings 2010, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE, 76-99.
Lewis, J.A.
"Multilateral Agreements to Constrain Cyberconflict", Arms Control Today, 40 (5): 14-19.
Goldschmidt, C., Dark, M.J. & Chaudhry, H.
"Responsibility for the Harm and Risk of Software Security Flaws", in Dark, M.J. (ed.), Information Assurance and Security Ethics in Complex Systems: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Hershey PA: IGI Global, 104-131.
Kanuck, S.
"Sovereign Discourse on Cyber Conflict Under International Law", Texas Law Review, 88 (7): 1571-1598.
Elliott, D.
"Weighing the Case For a Convention to Limit Cyberwarfare", Arms Control Today, 39 (9): 21-27.
Hughes, R.
"Towards a Global Regime for Cyber Warfare", in Czosseck, C. & Geers, K. (eds.), The Virtual Battlefield: Perspectives on Cyber Warfare, Conference proceedings - Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence (CCD CoE) Conference on Cyber Warfare (June 2009, Tallinn, Estonia).
Schjølberg, S. & Ghernaouti-Hélie, S.
A Global Protocol on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime, Cybercrimelaw.net.
Polanski, P.P.
Customary Law of the Internet. In the Search for a Supranational Cyberspace Law, The Hague: TMC Asser Press.
Streltsov, A.A.
"International Information Security: Description and Legal Aspects", in Vignard, K. (ed.), Disarmament Forum: ICTs and International Security, Geneva: UNIDIR, 2007 (3): 5-14.
Murray, A.
The Regulation of Cyberspace: Control in the Online Environment, New York: Routledge.
Komov, S., Korotkov, S. & Dylevski, I.
"Military Aspects of Ensuring International Information Security in the Context of Elaborating Universally Acknowledged Principles of International Law", in Vignard, K. (ed.), Disarmament Forum: ICTs and International Security, Geneva: UNIDIR, 2007 (3): 35-44.
Krutskikh, A.V.
"[On Legal and Political Foundations of Global Information Security]" (in Russian), Mezhdunarodniye Protsessy, 1 (5), 28–37.
Polanski, P.P.
"Towards a Supranational Internet Law", Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology, 1 (1): 1-9.
Benson, B.L.
"The Spontaneous Evolution of Cyber Law: Norms, Property Rights, Contracting, Dispute Resolution and Enforcement without the State", Journal of Law, Economics & Policy, 1 (2): 269-348.
Holland, H.B.
"The Failure of the Rule of Law in Cyberspace?: Reorienting the Normative Debate on Borders and Territorial Sovereignty", The John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law, 24 (1): 1-34.
Solum, L.B. & Chung, M.
"The Layers Principle: Internet Architecture and the Law", Notre Dame Law Review, 79 (3): 815-948.
Barton, A.M.
"Norm Origin and Development in Cyberspace: Models of Cybernorm Evolution", Washington University Law Quarterly, 78 (1): 59-111.
Benkler, Y.
"From Consumers to Users: Shifting the Deeper Structures of Regulation Toward Sustainable Commons and User Access", Federal Communications Law Journal, 52 (3): 561-579.
Rusch, J.J.
"Cyberspace and the “Devil’s Hatband”", Seattle University Law Review, 24 (2): 577-598.
Post, D.G.
"Of Black Holes and Decentralized Law-Making in Cyberspace", Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment Law & Practice, 2 (1): 70-79.
Easterbrook, F.H.
"Cyberspace and the Law of the Horse", University of Chicago Legal Forum, Vol. 1996, Article 7.